DarkOffice

Colebrook, Leonard

2005-04-05T20:44:00.000-07:00

Colebrook joined researcher Almroth Wright in 1907 at St. Mary's Hospital. In 1926 Colebrook became interested

Tiglath-pileser I

2005-04-05T17:57:00.000-07:00

Tiglath-pileser ascended the throne at the time when a people known as the Mushki, or Mushku (Meshech of the Old Testament), probably Phrygians, were thrusting into Asia Minor (now Turkey). Their invasion constituted a serious threat to Middle Eastern civilization because Asia Minor was the principal

Intellectual-property Law

2005-04-04T11:40:00.000-07:00

The legal regulations governing an individual's or an organization's right to control the use or dissemination of ideas or information. Various systems of legal rules exist that empower persons and organizations to exercise such control. Copyright law confers upon the creators of “original forms of expression” (e.g., books, movies, musical compositions, and works

Cabot, John

2005-04-02T19:26:00.000-08:00

Cabot moved to Venice in 1461, or possibly earlier, and became a citizen of that city in 1476. While employed by a Venetian mercantile

Piazzi, Giuseppe

2005-04-02T17:17:00.000-08:00

Piazzi became a Theatine monk in about 1764 and a professor of theology in Rome in 1779, and in 1780 he was appointed professor of higher mathematics at the Academy of Palermo. Later, with the aid of the viceroy of Sicily,

Moses, Sir Charles (joseph Alfred)

2005-04-02T06:42:00.000-08:00

Moses graduated from the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, Eng. (1918), and was stationed with the British army in Ireland before immigrating

Amalienborg

2005-03-31T22:43:00.000-08:00

Architectural complex in Copenhagen, Den., built during the reign (1746–66) of King Frederick V and comprising the four buildings of the Amalienborg royal palace and the octagonal courtyard surrounded by them. The complex was designed and constructed by the Danish architect Nicolai Eigtved, who also designed numerous other buildings in the surrounding district. At the

China, Internal solidarity during the decline of the Nan Sung

2005-03-31T09:38:00.000-08:00

Honouring the Chu Hsi school did not reinvigorate the Nan Sung administration, but the military, despite some weaknesses, maintained an effective defense against the Mongols for four decades—the longest stand against Mongol invasions anywhere. The final Sung defeat came in part because the Mongol forces, frustrated for many years in their attempts to break the

Great Bear Lake

2005-03-31T03:51:00.000-08:00

Alexander Iii

2005-03-30T08:41:00.000-08:00

Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire

Ca River

2005-03-29T16:57:00.000-08:00

Vietnamese Song Ca, also called Lam Giang, river rising in the Loi Mountains of Laos and flowing southeastward through northern Vietnam to enter the Gulf of Tonkin near the city of Vinh after a course of 380 miles (612 km). The coastal riverine lowlands have relief features similar to those of the Red River; wide, level stretches of alluvium predominate with small undulation. There is a high population density in the

Van Dyke, Henry

2005-03-29T08:43:00.000-08:00

Educated at Princeton, Van Dyke graduated from its theological seminary in 1877 and became a Presbyterian minister. His early works, “The Story of the Other Wise Man” (1896) and “The First Christmas Tree” (1897), were first read aloud to his congregation in New York

Nizam Al-mulk

2005-03-28T13:54:00.000-08:00

Original name Abu 'ali Hasan Ibn 'ali Persian vizier of the Turkish Seljuq sultans (1063–92), best remembered for his large treatise on kingship, Seyasat-nameh (The Book of Government; or Rules for Kings).

Gypsum

2005-03-27T14:10:00.000-08:00

Common sulfate mineral of great commercial importance, composed of hydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO4 × 2H2O). In well-developed crystals the mineral commonly has been called selenite. The fibrous massive variety has a silky lustre and is called satin spar; it is translucent and opalescent and is valued for ornaments and jewelry. The fine-grained massive variety called

Earth Exploration

2005-03-27T02:55:00.000-08:00

By the beginning of the 20th century most of the Earth's surface had been explored, at least superficially, except for the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Today the last of the unmarked areas on land maps have been filled in by radar and photographic mapping from aircraft and satellites. One of the last areas

Paracel Islands

2005-03-26T18:47:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization Hsi-sha Ch'ün-tao , Pinyin Xisha Qundao , Vietnamese Quan Dao Hoang Sa group of about 130 small coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea. They lie about 250 miles (400 km) east of central Vietnam and about 220 miles (350 km) southeast of Hainan Island, China. Apart from a few isolated, outlying islands (Triton in the south, Lincoln in the east), they are divided into the Amphitrite group in the northeast and the Crescent group in the west. The low, barren islands,

Biblical Literature, The Second Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians

2005-03-25T10:00:00.000-08:00

A feature of II Thessalonians that resembles the otherwise most unusual feature of I Thessalonians is its excessively long thanksgiving. Within this thanksgiving there is an excursus dealing with the timing of the Parousia, but in II Thessalonians Paul aggressively argues against any expectation of an imminent coming of Christ that might be expected from

New Castile

2005-03-25T05:01:00.000-08:00

Spanish Castilla La Nueva, historic provincial region, central upland Spain. It generally includes the area of the Moorish kingdom of Toledo annexed to the former kingdom of Castile in the 11th century AD. In modern Spanish geographic usage, New Castile as an administrative region included the provinces of Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Toledo. Its area was 27,940 square miles (72,363 square km).

Mckean

2005-03-24T22:24:00.000-08:00

The county was formed in

Hansen, Peter Andreas

2005-03-24T08:17:00.000-08:00

Hansen became director of the Seeberg Observatory, near Gotha, in 1825, and in 1857 a new observatory was built for him. He worked on theoretical geodesy, optics, and the theory of probability. His most important

Rocky Mountains, National parks, forests, and recreational areas

2005-03-24T07:15:00.000-08:00

Many of North America's finest national parks, national monuments, and wilderness areas are in the ranges of the Rocky Mountains and in the Colorado Plateau. To these areas of natural beauty have been added such large recreation facilities as the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, located on either side of Lake Powell in Utah and Arizona, and Flaming Gorge National

Nitrogen Group Element

2005-03-22T19:33:00.000-08:00

Any of the chemical elements that constitute Group Va of the periodic table (see Figure). The group consists of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). The elements share certain general similarities in chemical behaviour, though they are clearly differentiated from one another chemically, and these similarities reflect common features

Shih Wang

2005-03-22T18:06:00.000-08:00

The first king receives the dead and determines whether or not they

Elizabeth Of Portugal, Saint

2005-03-21T13:23:00.000-08:00

She was named for her great-aunt St. Elizabeth of Hungary and received a strict and pious education. In 1282 she was married to Dinis, a good ruler but an unfaithful husband. Despite the corrupt court life, Elizabeth maintained her devout habits, helped the sick

Welsh Corgi

2005-03-20T19:24:00.000-08:00

The Cardigan Welsh corgi (see photograph), named after Cardiganshire, can be traced back to dogs brought to Wales by the Celts about 1200 BC. The original type was known as the Bronant and

Zadkine, Ossip

2005-03-19T23:19:00.000-08:00

As a boy, Zadkine, son of a professor of Greek and Latin, much preferred clay modeling to his studies.

Szechwan Basin

2005-03-19T01:20:00.000-08:00

Wade–Giles romanization Ssu-ch'uan P'en-ti, Pinyin Sichuan Pendii, also called Red Basin, basin comprising the greater part of eastern Szechwan Province (sheng), southwest China. It is surrounded by high mountains, including the Tsinghai–Tibet Plateau on the south, the Yunnan–Kweichow Plateau on the south, Wu Shan (mountains) on the east, and the Ta-pa Shan on the north, which protect the interior from temperature extremes. The basin covers 88,600 sq mi (229,500 sq km) of red-brick

Kuba Carpet

2005-03-18T05:34:00.000-08:00

Any of several types of antique floor coverings of the Caucasus, many of which are of considerable length, but narrow. Rather than the town of Kuba (now Quba, Azerbaijan), which was founded about 1750 in Dagestan, the original source was probably the districts of Karabakh and Shirvan in Southern Caucasia, where rug workshops were operated under the sponsorship of the Iranian

Amorphous Solid, Polymeric structural materials

2005-03-18T02:46:00.000-08:00

Polystyrene, the organic polymer listed in the Table, is a prototypical example of a polymeric glass. These glasses, whose atomic-scale structure has been discussed in connection with Figure 7B, make up a broad class of lightweight structural materials important in the automotive, aerospace, and construction industries. These materials are also ubiquitous in everyday

Olaf I Tryggvason

2005-03-17T10:00:00.000-08:00

Olaf, the great-grandson of the Norwegian king Harald I Fairhair and the son of Tryggvi Olafsson, a chieftain in southeastern Norway, was born soon after his father was killed by the Norwegian ruler Harald II Graycloak. According to legend,

B-24

2005-03-16T01:47:00.000-08:00

The

Babylon

2005-03-15T08:40:00.000-08:00

Town (township), Suffolk county, southeastern New York, U.S. It lies on southern Long Island, along Great South Bay, east of Freeport. Established in 1872 after separation from Huntington (founded 1653), it includes the villages of Babylon (incorporated 1893), Amityville (1894), and Lindenhurst (1923) and the unincorporated communities of Deer Park, Copiague, and Wyandanch. The Italian inventor Guglielmo

Torchon Lace

2005-03-15T07:33:00.000-08:00

Coarse bobbin-made lace (see bobbin lace) made by peasants in most European countries in which simple geometric patterns are carried out. With other simple kinds of lace it was the mainstay of the lace makers of the Austrian Tirol. It is the type of lace on which apprentices generally begin learning the craft.

Hardanger Plateau

2005-03-15T07:05:00.000-08:00

Also called Vidda plateau in Hordaland and Buskerud fylker (counties), southwestern Norway. The largest peneplain (an eroded, almost level plain) in Europe, it has an area of about 2,500 square miles (6,500 square km) and an average elevation of 3,500 feet (1,100 m). It has many lakes and rivers, which, draining westward, drop in huge waterfalls such as the Vørings Falls (476 feet). The Oslo–Bergen Railroad and a main east–west

Mathews, Edwin Lee

2005-03-14T11:27:00.000-08:00

American professional baseball player (b. Oct. 13, 1931, Texarkana, Texas—d. Feb. 18, 2001, San Diego, Calif.), was one of major league baseball's most prolific hitters, with 512 home runs and 2,315 hits in his 17-year career, and was widely regarded as the best third baseman of the 1950s and early '60s. Mathews made his major league debut with the Boston Braves in 1952 and remained with the franchise when it moved to Milwaukee,

Babbage, Charles

2005-03-14T00:53:00.000-08:00

In 1812 Babbage helped found the Analytical Society, whose object was to introduce developments from the European continent into English mathematics. In 1816 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London. He

Wellington

2005-03-13T21:17:00.000-08:00

Local government region, extreme southern North Island, New Zealand. It includes the cities of Wellington (the national capital) and Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt, Porirua, and Masterton. The broad Hutt River valley, once the locale of dairy farms and market gardens, has absorbed much of Wellington city's urban expansion since the 1950s. There is still much open farmland to the north,

Ribble, River

2005-03-13T06:44:00.000-08:00

River in North Yorkshire and Lancashire, England, formed by the confluence of the Gayle and Cam becks (streams). The river first flows almost due south between Ingleborough Mountain (2,373 feet [723 m]) and Pen-y-Ghent (2,273 feet [693 m]) and then through open country, a long gorge, and a wide valley (devoted mostly to pastoral farming) until it is joined by its two main tributaries, the Hodder from

Outwash

2005-03-13T03:18:00.000-08:00

Deposit of sand and gravel carried by running water from the melting ice of a glacier and laid down in stratified deposits. An outwash may attain a thickness of 100 m (328 feet) at the edge of a glacier, although the thickness is usually much less; it may also extend many kilometres in length. For example, outwash deposits from the Wisconsin Glaciation can be traced to the mouth

Han-fei-tzu

2005-03-12T21:12:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Hanfeizi the greatest of China's Legalist philosophers. His essays on autocratic government so impressed King Cheng of Ch'in that the future emperor adopted their principles after seizing power in 221 BC. The book that goes by Han-fei's name comprises a synthesis of legal theories up to his time.

Babbage, Charles

2005-03-12T14:05:00.000-08:00

Also called spiny anteater any of three species of peculiar egg-laying mammals from Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea that eat and breathe through a bald, tubular beak protruding from a dome-shaped body covered in spines. Echidnas have beady eyes and mere slits for ears, and at the end of their beaks are two small nostrils and a tiny mouth. Electroreceptors in the skin

Antananarivo

2005-03-10T21:46:00.000-08:00

Formerly Tananarive, town and national capital of Madagascar, central Madagascar island. It was founded in the 17th century and was the capital of the Hova chiefs. It stands on a high hill. Avenues and flights of steps lead up to a rocky ridge (4,694 feet [1,431 m]) on which stands the Royal Estate, with towered palaces built by the Imerina kings who captured the town in 1794 and ruled until the end of the 19th century.

Carnivore, Form and function

2005-03-10T09:49:00.000-08:00

Basically, the difference in the tooth pattern of pinnipeds, in comparison to the dentition of terrestrial carnivores, reflects an adaptation toward grasping and tearing rather than chewing. Thus there is less variation in the form of the different teeth (commonly said to be homodont, or “similar teeth”), and there tends to be a reduction in the number of teeth. There

Carnivore, Natural history

2005-03-10T08:19:00.000-08:00

The family Mustelidae contains a variety of animals unmatched by any other family in the Carnivora except the civets (Viverridae). The family includes the weasels, ferrets, mink (see photograph), marten, fisher, skunks (see photograph), wolverine (see photograph), otters (see photograph), badgers (see

Vacuum Technology

2005-03-09T17:56:00.000-08:00

The McLeod gauge takes advantage of Boyle's law (the product of pressure and volume for a given quantity of gas remains constant if a constant temperature is maintained) to determine gas pressure within a range of 10 to 10-6 torr. Raising the mercury level in the McLeod gauge seals off the gas from the system to which the gauge is connected. When the level of mercury is raised

Tivoli

2005-03-08T21:33:00.000-08:00

Latin Tibur, town and episcopal see, Roma provincia, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. It is picturesquely situated on the western slopes of the Sabine Hills, along the Aniene River where it enters the Campagna di Roma, just east of Rome. The site commanded the principal natural route eastward from Rome along the Via Tiburtina Valeria and has been continuously occupied since

Luks, George

2005-03-08T10:09:00.000-08:00

Born in a coal-mining region of north-central Pennsylvania, Luks studied first at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, and later in Germany,

Mercury Processing, Metallurgical uses

2005-03-07T08:39:00.000-08:00

Mercury amalgamates, or mixes, readily with many metals. Amalgams of mercury, silver, and tin have been the most successful material for repairing dental cavities. Gold and silver

Earth, The magnetotail current

2005-03-06T11:09:00.000-08:00

Radially outward near local midnight rather than at local noon, there is an entirely different current system. Beginning at approximately 10 Re and extending well beyond 200 Re is the tail current system. This current is from dawn to dusk in the same direction as the ring current on the nightside of the Earth. In fact, it is produced by the same mechanism except that, in this

Nafud, An-

2005-03-05T20:35:00.000-08:00

Desert, northern Saudi Arabia, covering about 25,000 square miles (64,000 square km). The reddish, sandy An-Nafud (Arabic: “The Desert”) is sometimes called the Great Nafud; it lies at an elevation of 3,000 feet (900 m) and has some watering places and grass that provide for nomadic herding and agriculture. The desert has been a barrier to travel for ages; its frequent sandstorms shape immense dunes.

Photography, Documentary photography

2005-03-05T19:56:00.000-08:00

At this same period, the documentary photographs of Eugène Atget first became known to the public. Beginning around 1898, this French photographer produced approximately 10,000 photographs of Paris and its environs that were direct, straightforward, and poetic in their sympathetic rendering of the very fabric of the city. He photographed shop fronts, buildings, wheeled

Military Aircraft, Bombers

2005-03-05T07:24:00.000-08:00

The Stuka dive-bomber was used to great effect during the invasions of Poland, France, and the Low Countries in 1939–40, but its slow speed rendered it vulnerable to fighter attack. The Germans' principal bombers of the Battle of Britain were the twin-engined Heinkel He 111, Dornier Do 17, and Ju 88. The Ju 88 was fast, with a top speed of 280 miles per hour, but it carried a modest bombload; the other

Eurythmics

2005-03-05T00:26:00.000-08:00

Eurythmics was developed about 1905 by the Swiss musician Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, a professor of harmony at the Geneva Conservatory, who was convinced that the conventional system of

Banha

2005-03-04T15:05:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Benha, town, capital of Al-Qalyubiyah muhafazah (governorate), Lower Egypt. The town lies on the right (east) bank of the Damietta Branch of the Nile and on the At-Tawfiqi Canal in the delta area. It is about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Cairo on the highway to Alexandria. Its Arabic name is derived from the Coptic name Panaho. Since the early European Middle Ages, Banha has been known for the production

Petasos

2005-03-04T10:47:00.000-08:00

A hat used for traveling, the petasos was made of felt or straw and had a chin strap, so that when not in use it could be hung down the back. The winged hat of the god Hermes (or Mercury) was also called a petasos.

Levi Strauss & Co.

2005-03-03T00:00:00.000-08:00

The company traces its origin to Levi Strauss (1829–1902), a Bavarian immigrant who arrived in San

Marsa Matruh

2005-03-02T19:58:00.000-08:00

Town and capital of Matruh muhafazah (governorate), on the Mediterranean coast, Western Desert, in northwestern Egypt. The town serves as a market and distribution centre for the surrounding agricultural region. Olives, barley, and fruits are grown, and there are vineyards as well. Sheep and goats are raised. Winter rains (5–8 inches [125–200 mm]) provide most of the water needed in the coastal

Molay, Jacques De

2005-03-02T13:36:00.000-08:00

Molay entered the order in 1265, fought in Syria, and after 1291 was at Cyprus.

Egypt, Ancient, The 9th dynasty (c. 21302080 BC)

2005-03-02T00:15:00.000-08:00

After the end of the 8th dynasty the throne passed to kings from Heracleopolis, who made their native city the capital, although Memphis continued to be important. They were acknowledged throughout the country, but inscriptions of nomarchs (chief officials of nomes) in the south show that the kings' rule was nominal. At Dara, north of Asyut, for example, a local ruler called

China, Ethnic and linguistic groups

2005-03-01T13:18:00.000-08:00

China is a multinational country, with a population composed of a large number of ethnic and linguistic groups. Thus, the basic classification of the population is not so much ethnic as linguistic. The Han (Chinese), the largest group, outnumber the minority groups or minority nationalities in every province or autonomous region except Tibet and Sinkiang. The Han,

Halebid

2005-03-01T08:33:00.000-08:00

Historic site and modern village, south-central Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, southwestern India. It is situated north-northwest of the town of Hassan. It grew up beside a large artificial lake, known as Dorasamudra (Dvarasamudra), which was probably built by the Rastrakutas in the 9th century. In the early 12th century the Hoysalas made it their capital, and for about two centuries

Stefan, Josef

2005-02-28T22:21:00.000-08:00

Austrian physicist who in 1879 formulated a law which states that the radiant energy of a blackbody—a theoretical object that absorbs all radiation that falls on it—is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. His law was one of the first important steps toward the understanding of blackbody radiation, from which sprang

Nitrate

2005-02-28T01:16:00.000-08:00

Any member of either of two classes of compounds derived from nitric acid. The salts of nitric acid are ionic compounds containing the nitrate ion, NO-3, and a positive ion, such as NH+4 in ammonium nitrate. Esters of nitric acid are covalent compounds having the structure R-O-NO2, in which R represents an organic combining group, such as ethyl (C2H5) in ethyl nitrate. See also nitro

Reinheim

2005-02-27T14:25:00.000-08:00

Small village near Saarbrücken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to local princesses, is one of the most notable of the Early La Tène burials (see La Tène). Within the wooden funerary chamber were found many bronze and gold objects, including bracelets, rings,

Cinnabar

2005-02-27T07:50:00.000-08:00

Mercury sulfide (HgS), the chief ore mineral of mercury. It is commonly encountered with pyrite, marcasite, and stibnite in veins near recent volcanic rocks and in hot-springs deposits. The most important deposit is at Almadén, Spain, where it has been mined for 2,000 years. Other deposits are in Huancavelica, Peru; Iudrio, Italy; and the Coast Ranges of California, U.S. Metacinnabar,

Wade-davis Bill

2005-02-26T17:41:00.000-08:00

(1864), unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War. The bill, sponsored by senators Benjamin F. Wade and Henry W. Davis, provided for the appointment of provisional military governors in the seceded states. When a majority of a state's white citizens swore allegiance to the Union, a

Crab Nebula

2005-02-25T19:44:00.000-08:00

(catalog numbers NGC 1952 and M1), probably the most intensely studied bright nebula, in the constellation Taurus, about 5,000 light-years from Earth. Roughly 5 to 10 light-years in diameter, it is assumed to be the remnant of a supernova (violently exploding star) observed by Chinese and other astronomers first on July 4, 1054. The supernova was visible in daylight for 23 days and at night for almost

Arts, Central Asian, Seljuqs

2005-02-25T00:39:00.000-08:00

The art of the Seljuqs, who founded kingdoms in Persia, eastern Byzantium, Syria, and Iraq, eclipsed that of the Samanids, Ghurids, and Ghaznavids. They were great architectural patrons and constructed numerous mosques, madrasahs (Islamic religious schools), hospitals, orphanages, baths, caravansaries, bridges, and türbes notable for their decorative masonry, elaborately

Mammal

2005-02-24T11:08:00.000-08:00

Some widely known journals that publish papers dealing exclusively with mammals are: Journal of Mammalogy, Mammalia, and Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen (all issued quarterly), and Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde (6/yr.). Additional technical literature is published by university and public museums and government agencies. Semitechnical and popular accounts of mammals appear in a wide variety of publications of state game departments, museums, and zoological gardens.

Catherine Of Sweden, Saint

2005-02-24T06:03:00.000-08:00

Catherine was married to Egard Lydersson von Kyren, who died shortly after she left for Rome (1350) to join Bridget as her constant companion. She did not return to Sweden until after Bridget's death in 1373. She took part in the ecclesiastical controversies

War Communism

2005-02-23T21:54:00.000-08:00

In the history of the Soviet Union, economic policy applied by the Bolsheviks during the period of the Russian Civil War (1918–20). More exactly, the policy of War Communism lasted from June 1918 to March 1921. The policy's chief features were the expropriation of private business and the nationalization of industry throughout Soviet Russia, and the forced requisition of surplus grain

Stone, Jesse

2005-02-23T14:06:00.000-08:00

American musician, songwriter, and rhythm-and-blues pioneer who, with his songs “Shake, Rattle and Roll” and “Money Honey,” figured largely in the birth of rock and roll; he also wrote the jazz standard “Idaho” (b. Nov. 16, 1901, Atchison, Kan.—d. April 1, 1999, Altamonte Springs, Fla.).

Accursius, Franciscus

2005-02-22T18:24:00.000-08:00

A professor at the University of Bologna, Accursius had access to the many legal works of the Romans that had been brought from

Wright Glider Of 1902

2005-02-22T00:40:00.000-08:00

Biplane glider designed and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright in Dayton, Ohio, during the late summer of 1902. Tested during the autumn of 1902 and again in 1903 at the Kill Devil Hills, four miles south of the village of Kitty Hawk on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, the 1902 glider demonstrated that the Wright brothers had solved the key problems blocking the route to heavier-than-air

Wüst, Georg

2005-02-21T23:39:00.000-08:00

Wüst received his doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1919. After the death of his teacher Alfred

Mitchell, John Thomas Whitehead

2005-02-21T20:29:00.000-08:00

At an early age, Mitchell joined the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers and was appointed its secretary in 1857. He shaped the policy of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, established in 1863, and was its chairman from 1874 until his death. Mitchell emphasized

Zangid Dynasty

2005-02-20T20:43:00.000-08:00

Muslim Turkish dynasty that was founded by Zangi (q.v.) and which ruled northern Iraq (al-Jazirah) and Syria in the period 1127–1222. After Zangi's death in 1146, his sons divided the state between them, Syria falling to Nureddin (Nur ad-Din Mahmud; reigned 1146–74) and al-Jazirah to Sayf ad-Din Ghazi I (reigned 1146–49). Nureddin's expansionist policy led him to annex Damascus (1154), subjugate Egypt (1168), and present a broad and competent

Vow

2005-02-20T03:47:00.000-08:00

In the ancient Middle East, individuals often made vows to a deity to perform certain acts or to live in a certain way in return for a divine favour. Hannah, the mother of the Old Testament judge Samuel,

Stein, Charlotte Von

2005-02-19T21:54:00.000-08:00

German writer and an intimate friend of and important influence on Goethe; she was the inspiration for the female figures Iphigenie in Iphigenie auf Tauris and Natalie in Wilhelm Meister. She remained for Goethe an unattainable feminine ideal and should not be confused with the warm and simple Lotte, heroine

Ra's Nasrani

2005-02-18T23:29:00.000-08:00

Formerly (until 1982) Sharm ash Shaykh , also spelled Sharm el-Sheikh , Hebrew Mifraz Shelomo , English Solomon's Bay small inlet and cape on the southeastern coast of the Sinai Peninsula. Located in Janub Sina' muhafazah (governorate), Egypt, Ra's Nasrani was occupied by the Israelis from 1967 to 1982. The Hebrew name is an allusion to King Solomon's fleets, which presumably passed through the adjacent Strait of Tiran on their way from the port of Ezion-geber, at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba, to the land of Ophir

Mycosis

2005-02-17T09:18:00.000-08:00

Plural Mycoses, in humans and domestic animals, a disease caused by any fungus that invades the tissues, causing superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic disease. Superficial fungal infections, also called dermatophytosis, are confined to the skin and are caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton, or Epidermophyton; athlete's foot, for example, is caused by Trichophyton or Epidermophyton

Fideism

2005-02-17T07:07:00.000-08:00

A philosophical view extolling theological faith by making it the ultimate criterion of truth and minimizing the power of reason to know religious truths. Strict fideists assign no place to reason in discovering or understanding fundamental tenets of religion. For them blind faith is supreme as the way to certitude and salvation. They defend such faith on various

Trichloroethylene

2005-02-17T06:57:00.000-08:00

Trichloroethylene was first prepared in 1864; its

Kungur

2005-02-17T05:10:00.000-08:00

City, Perm oblast (province), western Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Sylva, Iren, and Shakva rivers, 45 miles (72 km) south of Perm city. Founded in 1648 as a fortress, Kungur became an important post on routes to Siberia. It also became a noted centre for handicraft industries, especially in alabaster and crystal. Kungur now has machine-building and light industries. In the vicinity

Anthony Of Kiev

2005-02-16T13:29:00.000-08:00

Seeking a solitary life, Anthony became a monk about 1028 at the Greek Orthodox monastery of Esphigmenon on Mount Athos, in Greece. According to an account contained in the 12th-century The Russian Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let), Anthony

William Of Saint-amour

2005-02-15T16:27:00.000-08:00

A protégé of the Count of Savoy, who supported his doctoral studies in canon law and theology at the University of Paris, William was chosen dean of the theology

Frederick Ii

2005-02-15T09:02:00.000-08:00

Frederick settled his disputes with the Bohemian followers of Jan Hus, church reformer and condemned heretic, in 1432, and relations were cemented in 1464, when

Gharbiyah, Al-

2005-02-15T07:08:00.000-08:00

Muhafazah (governorate) in the middle Nile Delta, Lower Egypt, bounded on the east and west by the Damietta and the Rosetta branches of the Nile, on the north by Kafr ash-Shaykh muhafazah, and by al-Minufiyah muhafazah to the south. Its area is 750 square miles (1,942 square km); the muhafazah's capital has been at the cultural centre and transportation node of Tanta (q.v.) since 1836. An administrative unit named

Valencia

2005-02-14T06:54:00.000-08:00

Valencia (Valentia) was a prosperous area during the Roman Empire and was taken by the Visigoths in the early 5th century AD. In the early 8th century it was captured by the

Resonance, Theory Of

2005-02-14T01:04:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, theory by which the actual normal state of a molecule is represented not by a single valence-bond structure but by a combination of several alternative distinct structures. The molecule is then said to resonate among the several valence-bond structures or to have a structure that is a resonance hybrid of these structures. The energy calculated for

Quillen, Daniel Gray

2005-02-13T20:03:00.000-08:00

Quillen was awarded the Fields Medal at the International

Annelid, Critical appraisal

2005-02-12T23:12:00.000-08:00

Most authors accept the annelids as having three major classes: Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea. Older systems would place the polychaetes and oligochaetes under the class Chaetopoda because both groups possess setae. Other systems would join the oligochaetes and leeches in a single class, called the Clitellata, because both groups possess a clitellum

Indian Philosophy, Religious consequences

2005-02-12T06:37:00.000-08:00

The one religious consequence of the Samkhya-Yoga is an emphasis on austere asceticism and a turning away from the ritualistic elements of Hinduism deriving from the Brahmanical sources. Though they continue to remain as an integral part of the Hindu faith, no major religious order thrived on the basis of these philosophies.

Caucasian Languages, Languages of the group

2005-02-12T04:52:00.000-08:00

The Kartvelian (South Caucasian or Iberian) language family comprises Georgian, Mingrelian (Megrelian), Laz (or Chan), and Svan. The speakers of these languages constitute the Georgian nation and numbered 4.2 million in the mid-1990s.

Kahnweiler, Daniel-henry

2005-02-11T21:55:00.000-08:00

Trained for a career in finance, Kahnweiler instead chose art and settled in Paris, where he opened a small gallery in 1907. He became interested in the work of several young artists

Tudor, Antony

2005-02-10T11:05:00.000-08:00

He began his dance studies at 19 years of age with Marie Rambert and for her company choreographed his first ballet, Cross-Gartered (1931), based on an incident in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. In 1938 he founded his own company,

Ibiza

2005-02-09T07:23:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Iviza, or Ivica, island, Balearic Islands provincia and comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”), Spain, one of the Balearic Islands in the western Mediterranean. It lies 50 mi (80 km) southwest of Majorca and has an area of 221 sq mi (572 sq km). A strategic point of great importance in ancient times, the island was inhabited by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians and has some notable archaeological

Athamas

2005-02-09T03:27:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, king of the prehistoric Minyans in the ancient Boeotian city of Orchomenus. His first wife was Nephele, a cloud goddess. But later Athamas became enamoured of Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, and neglected Nephele, who disappeared in anger. Athamas and Ino incurred the wrath of the goddess Hera because Ino had nursed the god Dionysus (q.v.). Athamas went mad

Qatar

2005-02-09T02:04:00.000-08:00

Qatar's economic prosperity is derived from petroleum, which was discovered in 1939 and first produced in 1949, and from natural gas. Before World War II, Qatar's population lacked any economic occupation apart from pearling, fishing, and some trade and was one of the poorest in the world. By the 1970s, however, the native Qataris enjoyed one of the highest per capita incomes in the world,

Argentina, Demographic trends

2005-02-08T17:40:00.000-08:00

The population of Argentina has increased 20-fold since 1869, when 1.8 million people were recorded there by the first census. Population growth was rapid through the early part of the 20th century, but it declined thereafter as both the birth rate and immigration began to drop off; the proportion of young people also declined. Argentina's rates of birth and population growth

DarkOffice

Colebrook, Leonard

Tiglath-pileser I

Intellectual-property Law

Cabot, John

Piazzi, Giuseppe

Moses, Sir Charles (joseph Alfred)

Amalienborg

China, Internal solidarity during the decline of the Nan Sung

Great Bear Lake

Alexander Iii

Ca River

Van Dyke, Henry

Nizam Al-mulk

Gypsum

Earth Exploration

Paracel Islands

Biblical Literature, The Second Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians

New Castile

Mckean

Hansen, Peter Andreas

Rocky Mountains, National parks, forests, and recreational areas

Nitrogen Group Element

Shih Wang

Elizabeth Of Portugal, Saint

Welsh Corgi

Zadkine, Ossip

Szechwan Basin

Kuba Carpet

Amorphous Solid, Polymeric structural materials

Olaf I Tryggvason

B-24

Babylon

Torchon Lace

Hardanger Plateau

Mathews, Edwin Lee

Babbage, Charles

Wellington

Ribble, River

Outwash

Han-fei-tzu

Babbage, Charles

Antananarivo

Carnivore, Form and function

Carnivore, Natural history

Vacuum Technology

Tivoli

Luks, George

Mercury Processing, Metallurgical uses

Earth, The magnetotail current

Nafud, An-

Photography, Documentary photography

Military Aircraft, Bombers

Eurythmics

Banha

Petasos

Levi Strauss & Co.

Marsa Matruh

Molay, Jacques De

Egypt, Ancient, The 9th dynasty (c. 21302080 BC)

China, Ethnic and linguistic groups

Halebid

Stefan, Josef

Nitrate

Reinheim

Cinnabar

Wade-davis Bill

Crab Nebula

Arts, Central Asian, Seljuqs

Mammal

Catherine Of Sweden, Saint

War Communism

Stone, Jesse

Accursius, Franciscus

Wright Glider Of 1902

Wüst, Georg

Mitchell, John Thomas Whitehead

Zangid Dynasty

Vow

Stein, Charlotte Von

Egypt, Ancient, The 9th dynasty (c. 21302080 BC)